🧠 Introduction:
Software भनेको के हो?
Software भनेको instruction हो, जुन computer लाई के
गर्ने भनेर बताउँछ।
Hardware (जसलाई हामी छोएर अनुभव गर्न सक्छौं) भन्दा
फरक, software
intangible हुन्छ — देखिँदैन, तर काम गर्दछ।
Software is basically एक किसिमको “recipe”—येसले hardware लाई step-by-step मार्गनिर्देशन (instructions) दिन्छ: user ले command दिएको काम कसरी
गर्ने?
कुन data process गर्ने? कुन output दिने? यी सबै software ले नै सम्भव
बनाउँछ।
Software एकदमै intangible हो—यसलाई
देख्न सकिंदैन, छुन सकिंदैन, तर यसको असर निकै ठूलो हुन्छ। एउटा Excel मा tax calculator बनाउनु, Facebook मा photo upload गर्नु, वा ATM बाट पैसा
निकाल्नु—सबैको पछि software नै responsible छ।
👉 Simple
definition:
"Software is a set of programs and
instructions that tells the hardware what to do."
Major Types of Software/Software का प्रमुख प्रकार
Software लाइ difference गर्नको लागि
broadly
दुई category छ: System Software र Application Software। तर त्यसबाहेक पनि
driver
software, middleware, र embedded software छन्।
1. System Software (सिस्टेम सफ्टवेयर)
System Software ले computer को base-level function चलाउँछ:
- Operating
Systems (OS): Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, iOS आदि मुख्य operating system हरू हुन्। यी OS हरूले hardware र applications बीच मा
bridge
को काम गर्छ।
- Device
Drivers: Printer, keyboard, graphics card जस्ता उपकरणहरुलाई जोड्न driver software चाहिन्छ।
- Utilities: Virus
scan, clean-up tools, backup utilities, file manager इत्यादि।
- Firmware/Middleware: Hardware
मा permanently धेरैजसो stored हुने automation
code (जस्तो TV remote मा हुने program) एपनी software नै हो।
📝 System
software नै foundation
हो जसले अरू software
लाई चलाउन environment
तयार गर्छ।
What is an Operating System? Types & Examples
2.
Application Software (एप्लिकेशन
सफ्टवेयर)
End-user oriented programs:
- Productivity
Tools: Microsoft Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Google Docs, आदि।
- Communication
Applications: Gmail, WhatsApp, Zoom आदि।
- Creative
Tools: Photoshop, video editors, music software आदि।
- Business
Software: Billing, Inventory, ERP, CRM systems।
- Games and
Entertainment: PUBG, Ludo King, Spotify, YouTube आदि।
🧑🏫 User-centric software हो
जुन पढाइ, काम, वा रमाइलोका लागि प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
3.
Programming Software (प्रोग्रामिङ
सफ्टवेयर)
Developers ले नया software बनाउन
प्रयोग गर्ने tools:
- Compilers,
Debuggers: C, Java आदि programming
language compilers।
- Integrated
Development Environments (IDE): Visual Studio, Eclipse,
JetBrains आदि।
- Source
Control Tools: Git, SVN आदि
टीम मा काम गर्न आवश्यक हुन्छ।
👉 यसले programmers लाई
software बनाउने
environment दिन्छ।
4.
Embedded Software (एम्बेडेड
सफ्टवेयर):
Smart fridge, washing machine, कार को ECU system,
medical devices—all run on embedded software।
Software को इतिहास—History of
Software
Software को इतिहास hardware development सँगै सुरु भएको हो। Initially, computer direct hardware आन्तरिक wiring द्वारा control हुन्थ्यो, no concept of programs. First concept of software भनेको 1940/50s मा आएको हो:
- Machine
Language Era: Binary (० र १)
मा लेखिएको program
- Assembly
& High-Level Language: FORTRAN, COBOL आदि introduced गर्दा programming सजिलो भयो
- Operating
Systems: 1970/80 मा Unix, MS-DOS,
Macintosh OS, आदि आएको बेला multitasking र user-friendliness बढ्यो
- Graphical UI: Windows
& Mac’s graphical interface ले
आम-मानिसको लागि computer operation easy बनायो
- Internet एरा: Web applications, email, browsers, online app
distribution आयो
- Mobile &
Cloud Computing: Mobile apps, Software as a Service (SaaS),
open-source लहर
🔍 Software को Function (मुख्य कामहरू)
Software को मुख्य कामहरू
निम्नानुसार छन्:
1.
🧠 Instruction
Delivery: Hardware लाई आदेश दिनु
2.
🗃️ Data Handling:
Input/output प्रोसेस गर्नु
3.
🧾 Automation:
Task automation (जस्तै backup software)
4.
🛡️ Security:
System लाई सुरक्षित राख्नु (e.g., firewall,
antivirus)
5.
🔄 System
Updates: Version upgrade र bug fixes
🎯 Real-life Example
Scenario
कल्पना गर्नुहोस् तपाईंले एक printer setup गर्नु भयो। यसमा निम्न software लाग्छ:
- Operating
System (Windows 11) – System चलाउन
- Printer
Driver – Printer र computer जोड्न
- Application
Software (MS Word) – Document print गर्न
Also Read: Artificial
Intelligence for Beginners
Software Development Process (SDLC) – सफ्टवेयर विकास प्रक्रिया
Software बन्ने process structured छ, जसलाई SDLC (Software Development Life
Cycle) भनिन्छ:
1.
Requirement Analysis (आवश्यकता
निर्धारण) — Users वा organizations को के
अपेक्षा छ भनेर बुझ्ने काम।
2.
System Design (डिजाइन्
बनाउने) — UI कस्तो होस्, कुन-कुन modules रहने।
3.
Implementation (Coding) – Actual
programming गर्ने चरण।
4.
Testing – Bugs (गल्तीहरू), issues पकड्ने र समाधान गर्ने; यस्को लागि unit testing,
system testing, user testing, आदि।
5.
Deployment – सफ्टवेयर user लाई provide/launch गर्ने process।
6.
Maintenance – Patch, update, improvement जारी राख्ने प्रक्रिया।
Agile, Scrum र DevOps methods ले आजकाल continuous
development मा जोडि दिएका छन्—यसले development team र operations team बीच सहयोग बढाउँछ।
Software को मुख्य
विशेषताहरू—Key Characteristics of Software
- Intangibility
(अलक्ष्य)— देख्न/छुन सकिदैन।
- Duplicability
(कपी गर्न मिल्ने)— Same
software लाखौं users ले एकैपटक प्रयोग गर्न सक्छन्।
- Modifiability (संशोधन गर्न मिल्ने) — Updates & upgrades सजिलै गर्न सकिन्छ।
- Hardware-dependence (हार्डवेयर सँग निर्भरता)— Software runs on top of hardware, but
modern software is often cross-platform (same code different hardware मा चल्छ)।
- Distribution (प्रसारण)— Cloud, app store, physical media (CD/DVD) वा direct downloads द्वारा।
✅ Advantages of
Software
- Speed: Task बहुत छिटो गरिन्छ
- Accuracy: Manual
गल्ती कम
- Automation:
Routine कामहरू सजिलो
- Remote
Access: Cloud software बाट world भरि काम गर्न सकिने
📦 Software License के हो?
Software license ले तपाईंलाई
legally
software प्रयोग गर्न अनुमति दिन्छ।
Type |
Description |
Freeware |
निःशुल्क, सबैले प्रयोग गर्न सक्ने (e.g., VLC) |
Shareware |
Trial version (e.g., WinRAR) |
Open Source |
Code खुला हुन्छ (e.g., Linux) |
Proprietary |
Company owned (e.g., MS Office) |
Software को उपयोगिता—Uses &
Applications
आजको दुनिया मा software बिना चल्दैन। यहाँ केही sector-specific उदाहरण छन्:
- Business मा: Accounting software (Tally, Quickbooks), ERP
(SAP), MIS systems।
- Communication
मा: Email
clients (Outlook, Gmail), instant messaging, social media apps।
- Education मा: e-learning platforms (Khan Academy), learning
management systems (Moodle), virtual classroom apps।
- Science/Research
मा: Statistical
analysis, simulations, data visualization tools।
- Health-Care मा: Patient record systems, diagnostic tools,
telemedicine software।
- Personal Life
मा: Photo
editing, budgeting, to-do list, fitness tracking ऐप्स।
- Government मा: E-Governance portals, online services, public
information systems।
Software-Security and Maintenance—सुरक्षा र मर्मत
Software सुरक्षित राख्न भिड्नुपर्ने challenges हरु:
- Malware,
virus, hacking — Software vulnerability exploitation।
- Regular
updates— Bugs र vulnerabilities
fix गर्न patches अपनाउनु जरुरी।
- Licensing/Copyright— License
बिना illegally software चलाउन पाइदैन। Open source भनेको सबैको लागि accessible भएको software हो।
Modern Trends: The Way Forward—आधुनिक
परिवर्तन र आउने दिनहरू
Today, major software trends:
- Cloud-based
software: All main apps now offer online/cloud versions
(Google Drive, MS Office 365)
- Mobile-first
design: Android/iOS apps most widely used platforms.
- AI and
Machine Learning software: Face recognition, chatbot,
auto-translation increasingly used।
- Internet of
Things (IoT): Smart homes, wearables, connected vehicles सबै मा embedded software।
- Open-source
movement: Nepal मा
समेत Linux, Apache, Python, आदि software use
& develop हुने क्रम वृद्धि हुँदैछ।
Software in Nepali Context—नेपालमा
सफ्टवेयर
नेपालमा software industry ले गतिलो रुपमा फड्को मारेको छ। Educational institutes like IOE
(Pulchowk), KU, Pokhara University ले software
engineering पढाउँछन्। Software companies and startups ले customized applications बनाइरहेका
छन्: bank-specific
software (ATM, eBanking apps), local-language apps (Hamro Patro), mobile games,
government portals (Lok Sewa, Passport online application), आदि।
Challenges in Nepal:
- Licensed
software adoption कम छ, pirated software को प्रयोग बेस्सरी।
- Nepali
language support, fonts, user interface प्रायः विदेशी software मा कम
छन्,
तर केहि ले अब सुधार्दैछन्।
- Software
export industry emerging छ, especially
for outsourcing.
Some Popular Examples – केही
लोकप्रिय सफ्टवेयरहरू
Type |
Example
Software |
Explanation
(English↔Nepali) |
Operating System |
Windows, Linux,
Android |
बेसिक platform जसमा apps चल्छन् |
Office Suite |
Microsoft
Office, Google Workspace |
Word, Excel,
Presentation tools |
Design Software |
Adobe Photoshop,
Canva |
Graphics/image
editing tools |
IDE |
Visual Studio,
PyCharm |
Development
tools for programmers |
Communication |
WhatsApp, Viber,
Gmail |
Messaging,
chatting, email |
Antivirus |
Avast, Quick
Heal |
Virus र malware रक्षा गर्ने
सफ्टवेयर |
Utility |
WinRAR, CCleaner |
Files compress गर्न, clean-up गर्ना प्रयोग |
Diagram/Illustration Ideas (for Visualization):
यो लेखमा भिजुअल छवि भए फाइदा हुन्छ:
- Hardware vs
Software: Computer को चिनोउ hardware सा software कस्तो interact गर्छ।
- Types of
Software: Infographic with icons
- SDLC:
Flowchart English-Nepali mixed labels मा।
- Timeline:
Punched cards to Cloud Computing in English–Nepali labels
Open Source vs. Proprietary Software
Software broadly दुई किसिमको license मा उपलब्ध छ—Open Source र Proprietary
(Closed Source)।
- Open Source
Software (जस्तै: Linux,
Apache, Firefox, LibreOffice) freely उपलब्ध हुन्छ, जसको source code सबैले हेर्न, सुधार्न, modify गर्न सकिन्छ। Nepal मा समेत धेरै schools,
colleges, government offices ले cost बचत गर्न open source software प्रयोग गर्छन्।
- Proprietary
Software (जस्तै: Windows, MS
Office, Adobe Photoshop) को source code
publicly उपलब्ध हुँदैन, र यसलाई प्रयोग गर्न license किन्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। Piracy यसको समस्या हो—Nepal मा licensed software को प्रयोग अपेक्षाकृत कम छ।
Criteria |
Open Source (ओपन सोर्स) |
Proprietary (प्रोप्राइटरी) |
Source Code |
Publicly available |
Hidden, closed |
Cost |
Free or low cost |
Often expensive, license required |
Customization |
पूरी गर्न मिल्छ |
Restricted |
Support |
Community driven |
Vendor provided |
Example |
Ubuntu Linux, Blender |
Windows 11, MS Office |
Software Licensing (लाइसेन्सिङ)
- Freeware: निःशुल्क प्रयोग गर्न मिल्ने (e.g., VLC media player) तर modify गर्न पाइँदैन।
- Shareware: Try
before buy, certain period free।
- Open Source: GPL,
MIT, Apache license—code freely use/modify गर्न पाइन्छ।
- Commercial: License
fee तिरेर मात्र प्रयोग गर्न पाइने (e.g., MATLAB,
AutoCAD)।
- Piracy को effect: Pirated software ले security risk, bugs, patch upgrades रोक्न सक्छ। नेपाल लगायत developing countries मा यो ठूलो समस्या हो।
Impact of Software on Society—समाजमा
सफ्टवेयरको प्रभाव
Software ले दैनिक जीवन, समाज र अर्थतन्त्र मा गहिरो प्रभाव पारेको छ:
- Digital
Payment: eSewa, Khalti, IME Pay जस्ता apps ले cashless
economy सम्भव बनाएका छन्।
- E-Governance: Nagarik
app, online bill payment, tax filing—public service उपभोग सहज।
- Education: कोरोना pandemic को बेला Zoom, Google
Classroom ले पढाइ निरन्तरमा राखियो।
- Remote Work: Covid ले remote working software (Zoom, Teams, Google Meet)
adoption बढायो।
- Social
Awareness: Facebook, Twitter, TikTok आदि ले सूचना flow, जागरण फैलाए।
Everyday Examples in Nepali Life—दैनिक जीवनमा सफ्टवेयर
- Banking/ATM: ATM बाट पैसा निकाल्दा, online statement हेर्दा, software को प्रयोग।
- Travel: Online
ticket booking, Google Maps को navigation,
eSewa बाट ट्याक्सी bill तिर्ने।
- Entertainment: YouTube,
Netflix, Spotify ले music/video streaming क्रान्ती ल्यायो।
- Agriculture: मौसम पूर्वानुमान, कृषि extension services मा apps प्रयोग।
Software Ethics and Responsibility—नैतिकता र जिम्मेवारी
- Data Privacy: User
data कत्तिको सुरक्षित छ?
- AI Ethics: Machine
learning models को fairness—bias भएको छैन भन्ने कुरा सुनिश्चित गर्नु।
- Digital
Divide: सबैलाई software को फाइदा पुग्नुपर्छ—rural/urban gap घटाउनु आवश्यक।
The Future: Innovation & Nepali Software Industry—भविष्यका सम्भावना
- Artificial
Intelligence: नेपाली speech
recognition, handwriting recognition आदि मा अनुसन्धान भैरहेछ।
- GovTech: E-governance
सुधार, public dashboard विस्तार हुँदैछ।
- HealthTech: Telemedicine,
local-language diagnostic apps।
- EdTech: Customizable
e-learning solutions, Nepali content based learning apps।
- Startup
Ecosystem: Young entrepreneurs experimenting with FinTech,
AgriTech, EduTech।
- Export
Potential: Nepali companies अमेरिकन/युरोपेली बजारमा outsourcing services, app development
बढाइरहेका छन्।
Software Engineering as a Career in Nepal
- Education: Pulchowk,
Kathmandu University, Pokhara University, private colleges मा Computer Science/Engineering मानिन्छ।
- Job Market: Software
developer, QA tester, UI/UX designer, Data analyst, etc.
- Freelancing
& Outsourcing: Upwork, Fiverr, TopTal मा भर्चुअल काम पाउने trend बढ्दो छ।
- Women in
Tech: Code for Nepal, Women Leaders in Tech, Girls in Tech Nepal जस्ता initiative हरु expanding।
Tips for Students and Beginners—विद्यार्थी वा नयाँ सुरू गर्नेलाई
- Programming
Language सिक्नुहोस्: Python,
Java, JavaScript, C/C++।
- Open Source मा योगदान गर्नुहोस्: GitHub projects मा participate।
- Hackathons
& Coding Challenges मा सहभागी
हुनुहोस्।
- Continuous
Learning— Coursera, Udemy, freeCodeCamp जस्ता platforms प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्।
Conclusion—निष्कर्ष
Software नै आजको digital दुनिया को
आधार स्तम्भ हो। Modern gadgets, businesses, schools, hospitals,
government—all चलाउन software नै चाहिन्छ।
Intangible,
infinitely replicable, modifiable, and powerful—software ले hardware लाई meaning दिन्छ, possibilities खोलिदिन्छ।
जहाँ सम्म software शिक्षा र
उपयोग को कुरा छ, bilingual (English-Nepali) approach ले सशक्त
बनाउछ—ताकि हाम्रा विद्यार्थी, professionals, र समाजले software को essence सजिलै बुझ्न सकोस्।
As we
move forward, software understanding, development skills, and ethical usage
quality of life uplift गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण छ। Nepal जस्तो developing nation ले software बाट धेरै फाइदा लिन सक्छ—education, health, governance, रोजगारी,—in every sector.
Software is not just code—it is the heart of the digital revolution.
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